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The potential for the Industrial Internet is vast with opportunities spread over wide areas of productivity, such as logistics, aviation, transportation, healthcare, energy production, oil and gas production, and manufacturing. As a result, many use-cases will make industry executives wake up and consider the possibilities of the IIoT. After all, industry only requires a minimal shift in productivity to deliver huge revenue, an example is that even an increase of 1% of productivity can produce huge revenue benefits such as aviation fuel savings. In order to realize these potential profits, industry has to adopt and adjust to the Industrial Internet of Things. However, spotting, identifying, and then strategically targeting the opportunities of the IIoT is not quite as easy as it might seem. It is important, therefore, to create use-cases that are appropriate to vertical businesses. For instance, the requirements of manufacturing differ from logistics, which also differs to healthcare.

Introduction  Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become one of the most talked about industrial business concepts in recent years. However, Industry 4.0 and the IIoT are often presented at a high level by consultants who are presenting from a business perspective to executive clients, which means the underlying technical complexity is irrelevant. Consultants focus on business models and operational efficiency, which is very attractive, where financial gains and new business models are readily understandable to their clients. Unfortunately, these presentations often impress and invigorate executives, who see the business benefits but fail to reveal to the client the technical abstraction of the lower-layer complexity that underpin the Industrial Internet. In this book, we strive to address this failure and although we start with a high-level view of the potential gains of IIoT business incentives and models, and describe successful use-cases, we

v=dwdq, (1.1) where : v=the voltage in volts,w=the energy in joules,q=the charge in coulombs.

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You want to heat your small garage using a couple of electric radiators. The power and voltage requirements for each radiator are 1200 W, 240 V. But you are not sure how to wire the radiators to the power supplied to the garage. Should you use the wiring diagram on the left or the one on the right? Does it make any difference?

Assume that the voltage at the terminals of the element in Fig. 1.5, whose current was defined in Assessment Problem 1.3, is v=0t<0;v=10e−5000t kV, t≥0. 1. Calculate the power supplied to the element at 1 ms. 2. Calculate the total energy (in joules) delivered to the circuit element. Solution 1. Since the current is entering the + terminal of the voltage drop defined for the element in Fig. 1.5, we use a “+” sign in the power equation. p = vi = (10,000e−5000t)(20e−5000t) = 200,000e −10,000t W.p(0.001)= 200,000e − 10,000(0.0001) = 200,000e −10= 200,000(45.4×10−6) = 9.08 W. 2. From the definition of power given in Eq. 1.3, the expression for energy is w(t)=∫0tp(x)dx. To find the total energy delivered, integrate the expresssion for power from zero to infinity. Therefore, wtotal=∫0∞200,000e−10,000x dx=200,000e−10,000x−10,000|0∞ =−20e−∞−(−20e−0 )=0+20=20 J. Thus, the total energy supplied to the circuit element is 20 J. Assessment Problems Objective 3—Know and u

Whenever the reference direction for the current in an element is in the direction of the reference voltage drop across the element (as in Fig. 1.5 ), use a positive sign in any expression that relates the voltage to the current. Otherwise, use a negative sign. We apply this sign convention in all the analyses that follow. Our purpose for

p=vi,(1.4) where p=the power in watts,v=the voltage in volts,i=the current in amperes. Equation 1.4 shows that the power associated with a basic circuit element is the product of the current in the element and the voltage across the element. Therefore, power is a quantity associated with a circuit element, and we have to determine from our calculation whether power is being delivered to the circuit element or extracted from it. This information comes from correctly applying and interpreting the passive sign convention . If we use the passive sign convention, Eq. 1.4 is correct if the reference direction for the current is in the direction of the reference voltage drop across the terminals. Otherwise, Eq. 1.4 must be written with a minus sign. In other words, if the current reference is in the direction of a reference voltage rise across the terminals, the expression for the power is p=−vi. The algebraic sign of power is based on charge movement through voltage drops an

A diagram shows a rectangle with two terminals marked as 1 and 2 at its ends. Positive voltage is indicated as v, with polarities at 1 and 2 marked as plus and minus, respectively. A right-facing arrow pointing at terminal 1, and labeled as i, represents positive current in the circuit. Power in the circuit is represented as "p = vi". A diagram shows a rectangle with two terminals marked as 1 and 2 at its ends. Positive voltage is indicated as v, with polarities at 1 and 2 marked as plus and minus, respectively. A left facing arrow pointing at terminal 2, and labeled as i, represents negative current in circuit. Power in the circuit is represented as "p = minus vi". A diagram shows a rectangle with two terminals marked as 1 and 2 at its ends. Negative voltage is indicated as v, with polarities at 1 and 2 marked as minus and plus, respectively. A right-facing arrow pointing at terminal 1, and labeled as i, represents positive curre

p=dwdt, (1.3) where p=the power in watts,w=the energy in joules,t=the time in seconds. Thus, 1 W is equivalent to 1 J/s. The power associated with the flow of charge follows directly from the definition of voltage and current in Eqs. 1.1 and 1.2, or p=dwdt=(dwdq)(dqdt),

Power and energy calculations are important in circuit analysis. Although voltage and current are useful variables in the analysis and design of electrically based systems, the useful output of the system often is

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